Name some of the outdoor propagation models?

40. Name some of the outdoor propagation models?

Outdoor propagation models are used to estimate signal propagation characteristics in open outdoor environments. These models take into account various factors such as distance, terrain, and atmospheric conditions to predict signal strength, path loss, and other propagation parameters. Some of the commonly used outdoor propagation models include:

outdoor propagation models

1.     Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) Model: As discussed earlier, this is the simplest propagation model that assumes free space propagation without any obstacles or reflecting surfaces.
2.     Two-Ray Ground Reflection Model: This model accounts for the direct line-of-sight path and a ground-reflected path, commonly used in situations where there is a clear line of sight between the transmitter and receiver.
3.     Hata Model: Developed by Okumura and Hata, this model is widely used for macrocellular outdoor environments, considering distance, frequency, and height above ground to estimate path loss.
4.     COST-231 Hata Model: An extension of the original Hata model, the COST-231 Hata model is more suitable for modern cellular systems operating in the frequency range of 150 MHz to 1500 MHz.
5.     Okumura-Hata Model: Another variation of the Hata model, developed by Okumura, used for predicting signal strength in urban and suburban environments.
6.     Longley-Rice Irregular Terrain Model: This model takes into account the irregularities of terrain and provides accurate predictions in hilly and mountainous regions.
7.     Walfisch-Ikegami Model: Suitable for microcellular environments, this model considers diffraction, scattering, and reflections from surrounding buildings.
8.     Stanford University Interim (SUI) Model: Developed for multipath fading environments, this model has various versions (SUI-1, SUI-2, SUI-3) that account for different types of terrain and environments.
9.     ITU-R P.528 Model: This model, developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), takes into account diffraction, scattering, and other propagation effects over irregular terrain.
10.     Ray-Tracing Models: These are complex simulation-based models that use ray-tracing techniques to compute propagation paths and include detailed reflections, diffractions, and interactions with the environment.

It's important to note that each model is suitable for specific scenarios and frequency ranges. The choice of a propagation model depends on the characteristics of the wireless communication system, the environment, and the accuracy required for the specific application.